Sculpture is the branch of the
visual arts that operates in
three dimensions, and one of the
plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes originally used
carving (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, as clay), in
stone,
metal,
ceramics,
wood and other materials but, since
modernism, shifts in sculptural process led to an almost complete freedom of materials and process. A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by
welding or modelling, or
molded, or
cast.
Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than pottery) from ancient cultures, though conversely traditions of sculpture in wood may have vanished almost entirely. However, most ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost.
Sculpture has been central in religious devotion in many cultures, and until recent centuries large sculptures, too expensive for private individuals to create, were usually an expression of religion or politics. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the Ancient Mediterranean, India and China, as well as many in South America and Africa.
The
Western tradition of sculpture began in
Ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the
classical period. During the Middle Ages,
Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith. The revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as
Michelangelo's
David. Modernist sculpture moved away from traditional processes and the emphasis on the depiction of the human body, with the making of
constructed sculpture, and the presentation of
found objects as finished art works.